Abstract Objective: To analyze the impact of I/D polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene on the responses of 24 h blood pressure, heart rate variability and nitric oxide after moderate aerobic exercise session. Method: Twenty seven hypertensive elderly were genotyped for the I/D polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (D/D: n = 9; I/D: n = 9; I/I: n = 9) and performed a bout of aerobic exercise at 90% of anaerobic threshold. Measurements of mean blood pressure, heart rate variability and nitric oxide were performed before and during 24 h post-aerobic exercise session. Results: The D/D genotype showed impaired mean arterial pressure responses (elevation) in the nocturnal sleep (10:30 pm to 06:30 am) post-aerobic exercise when compared to rest (D/D = −4.2 ± 8.1 mmHg; p > 0.05, I/D = −9.2 ± 9.1 mmHg; p < 0.05 and I/I = −7.0 ± 6.9 mmHg; p < 0.05). Besides, in day time of 06:30 am to 10:30 am (next day) higher values of mean arterial pressure responses occur between D/D = 4.7 ± 4.6 mmHg vs. I/D = −2.0 ± 13.0 mmHg; p < 0.05. The carriers of the D allele, in addition to not release nitric oxide significantly post-aerobic exercise session (p > 0.05), showed reduced elevation of nitric oxide between genotypes immediately after aerobic exercise (D/D = 12.8 ± 135.3 μM and I/D = −8.7 ± 69.0 μM vs. I/I = 132.9 ± 188.7 μM; p < 0.05). Reduced elevation of heart rate variability post-aerobic exercise session occurred when compared to rest (D/D = 1 h: −0.08 ± 0.09 s; p < 0.05 and 24 h: −0.08 ± 0.11 s; p < 0.05). Conclusion: Elderly hypertensive individuals carrying the D/D genotype of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene showed impaired responses of blood pressure post-aerobic exercise, especially during sleep, and reduced heart rate variability during the 24 h post-aerobic exercise. Besides, to angiotensin converting enzyme genotypes with the presence of D allele (D/D and I/D) was impaired release of nitric oxide post-aerobic exercise session.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar o impacto do polimorfismo I/D do gene da enzima conversora da angiotensina na pressão sanguínea, variabilidade da frequência cardíaca e óxido nítrico durante 24 h, em resposta a uma bateria moderada de exercícios aeróbicos. Método: Vinte e sete idosas hipertensas foram genotipadas para o polimorfismo I/D do gene da enzima conversora da angiotensina (D/D: n = 9; I/D: n = 9; I/I: n = 9) e realizaram uma sessão de exercício aeróbio à 90% do limiar anaeróbio. Medidas de pressão arterial média, variabilidade da frequência cardíaca e óxido nítrico foram coletadas antes e durante as 24 h seguintes, após a sessão de exercício aeróbio. Resultados: O genótipo D/D mostrou uma resposta inadequada da pressão arterial média (elevação) durante o sono após o exercício (22:30-06:30) em comparação ao repouso (D/D = -4.2 ± 8.1 mmHg; p > 0.05, I/D = -9.2 ± 9.1 mmHg; p < 0.05 e I/I = -7.0 ± 6.9 mmHg; p < 0.05). Além disso, durante o dia, de 06:30-10:30 da manhã (do dia seguinte), maiores valores de pressão arterial média ocorreram entre D/D = 4.7 ± 4.6 mmHg vs. I/D = -2.0 ± 13.0 mmHg; p < 0.05. O grupo carreador do alelo D, além de não revelar significância no óxido nítrico após a sessão de exercício, mostrou uma redução da elevação do óxido nítrico entre os genótipos logo após o exercício aeróbio (D/D = 12.8 ± 135.3 μM e I/D = -8.7 ± 69.0 μM vs. I/I = 132.9 ± 188.7 μM; p < 0.05). Ocorreu uma redução do R-Ri após os exercícios quando comparada com os valores do repouso (D/D = 1 h: -0.08 ± 0.09 s; p < 0.05 e 24 h: -0.08 ± 0.11 s; p < 0.05). Conclusão: Indivíduos idosos e hipertensos carreadores do genótipo D/D para o gene da enzima conversora da angiotensina mostraram resposta inadequada de pressão arterial pós-exercício aeróbio, especialmente durante o sono, e reduzida variabilidade da frequência cardíaca durante as 24 h seguintes pós-exercício. Além disso, o genótipo da enzima conversora da angiotensina com a presença do alelo D (D/D e I/D) teve sua liberação de óxido nítrico prejudicada nos momentos após a sessão de exercício aeróbio.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar el impacto del polimorfismo I/D del gen de la enzima conversora de la angiotensina en la presión sanguínea, variación de la frecuencia cardíaca y óxido nítrico durante 24 h en respuesta a una batería moderada de ejercicios aeróbicos. Método: Veintisiete ancianas hipertensas fueron genotipadas para el polimorfismo I/D del gen de la enzima conversora de la angiotensina (D/D: n = 9; I/D: n = 9; I/I: n = 9) y realizaron una batería de ejercicios aeróbicos al 90% del umbral anaeróbico. Se realizaron medidas de la presión arterial media, variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca y óxido nítrico, antes y durante las 24 h siguientes después de una sesión de ejercicios aeróbicos. Resultados: El genotipo D/D presentó una respuesta inadecuada de la presión arterial media (aumento) durante el sueño nocturno después del ejercicio (22:30-06:30) en comparación con el reposo (D/D = -4.2 ± 8.1 mmHg; p > 0.05, I/D = -9.2 ± 9.1 mmHg; p < 0.05 and I/I = -7.0 ± 6.9 mmHg; p < 0.05). Por otro lado, durante el día, de 06:30 hasta las 10:30 de la mañana (del día siguinete) se registraron valores elevados del aumento de la presión arterial media en el genotipo D/D = 4.7 ± 4.6 mmHg vs. I/D = -2.0 ± 13.0 mmHg; p < 0.05. Las portadoras del alelo D, más allá de no mostrar significación en los niveles de óxido nítrico después de la sesión de ejercicio, mostraron una reducción del incremento de óxido nítrico entre los genotipos después del ejercicio aeróbico (D/D = 12.8 ± 135.3 μM y I/D = -8.7 ± 69.0 μM vs. I/I = 132.9 ± 188.7 μM; p < 0.05). Se observó una reducción del aumento de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca después de los ejercicios, cuando se compara con los valores de reposo (D/D = 1 h: -0.08 ± 0.09 s; p < 0.05 y 24 h: -0.08 ± 0.11 s; p < 0.05). Conclusión: Individuos ancianos e hipertensos portadores del genotipo D/D del gen de la enzima conversora de la angiotensina mostraron una respuesta inadecuada de la presión sanguínea postejercicio aeróbico, especialmente durante el sueño, y reducción de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca durante las 24 h siguientes tras el ejercicio. Además, el genotipo de la enzima conversora de la angiotensina, con presencia del alelo D (D/D e I/D), tiene la liberación de óxido nítrico alterada, después de la sesión de ejercicio aeróbico.

Sarcopenic obesity is the combination of reduced fat-free mass (FFM) and increased fat mass (FM) with advancing age but there is lack of clear criteria for its identification. The purposes of the present investigation were: 1) to determine the prevalence of postmenopausal women with reduced FFM relative to their FM and height, and 2) to examine whether there are associations between the proposed classification and health-related variables. A total of 607 women were included in this cross-sectional study and were separated into two subsets: 258 older women with a mean age of 66.8 ± 5.6 years and 349 young women aged 18-40 years (mean age, 29.0 ± 7.5 years). All volunteers underwent body composition assessment by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The FFM index relative to FM and height was calculated and the cutoff value corresponded to two standard deviations below the mean of the young reference group. To examine the clinical significance of the classification, all older participants underwent measurements of quadriceps strength and cardiorespiratory fitness. Values were compared between those who were classified as low FFM or not, using an independent samples t-test and correlations were examined. The cutoff corresponded to a residual of -3.4 and generated a sarcopenic obesity prevalence of 19.8% that was associated with reduced muscle strength and aerobic fitness among the older participants. Also, the index correlated significantly with the health-related fitness variables. The results demonstrated reduced functional capacity for those below the proposed cutoff and suggested applicability of the approach as a definition for sarcopenic obesity.